Halaqah: Journal of Multidisciplinary Islamic Studies provides immediate open access to its content, based on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal operates as an open-access publication, meaning that all content is freely accessible to users and institutions without any charges. Users are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full-text articles in this journal without prior permission from the publisher or the authors.